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Simulations Essential to Record-setting Accelerator Design

With fine control of laser and plasma, Berkeley Lab accelerator sets world record

December 9, 2014

Contact: Kate Greene, kgreene@lbl.gov, +1 510.486.4404

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A 9 cm-long capillary discharge waveguide used in BELLA experiments to generate multi-GeV electron beams. The plasma plume has been made more prominent with the use of HDR photography. Image: Roy Kaltschmidt

Using one of the most powerful lasers in the world, researchers have accelerated subatomic particles to the highest energies ever recorded from a compact accelerator.

The team, from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (Berkeley Lab), used a specialized petawatt laser and charged-particle plasma to get the particles up to speed. The setup is known as a laser-plasma accelerator, an emerging class of particle accelerators that physicists believe can shrink traditional, miles-long accelerators to machines that can fit on a table.

The researchers sped up the particles—electrons in this case—inside a nine-centimeter long tube of plasma. The speed corresponded to an energy of 4.25 giga-electron volts. The acceleration over such a short distance corresponds to an energy gradient 1,000 times greater than traditional particle accelerators and marks a world record energy for laser-plasma accelerators.

“This result requires exquisite control over the laser and the plasma,” said Wim Leemans, director of the Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division at Berkeley Lab and lead author on the paper. The results were published December 8 in Physical Review Letters.

At such high energies, the researchers needed to see how various parameters would affect the outcome. So they used computer simulations at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) to test the setup before ever turning on a laser. The fully self-consistent, multi-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations they ran on NERSC's Cray XC30 supercomputer Edison have been fundamentally important to modeling the propagation of an high-intensity laser in the plasma, characterizing the nonlinear wakefield excitation and studying the details of particle self-trapping, according to Leemans. 

"PIC simulations of the laser-plasma interactions are usually very computationally demanding," he said. "The computational power of Edison allowed us to perform extensive parameter scans, facilitating our understanding of the physics."

A Different Kind of Accelerator

Traditional particle accelerators, like the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, which is 17 miles in circumference, speed up particles by modulating electric fields inside a metal cavity. It’s a technique that has a limit of about 100 mega-electron volts per meter before the metal breaks down.

Laser-plasma accelerators take a completely different approach. In the case of this experiment, a pulse of laser light is injected into a short and thin straw-like tube that contains plasma. The laser creates a channel through the plasma as well as waves that trap free electrons and accelerate them to high energies. It’s similar to the way that a surfer gains speed when skimming down the face of a wave.

 

Computer simulation of the plasma wakefield as it evolves over the length of the

Computer simulation of the plasma wakefield as it evolves over the length of the 9-cm long channel.

The record-breaking energies were achieved with the help of BELLA (Berkeley Lab Laser Accelerator), one of the most powerful lasers in the world. BELLA, which produces a quadrillion watts of power (a petawatt), began operation just last year.

“It is an extraordinary achievement for Leemans and his team to produce this record-breaking result in their first operational campaign with BELLA,” said James Symons, associate laboratory director for Physical Sciences at Berkeley Lab.

In addition to packing a high-powered punch, BELLA is renowned for its precision and control. “We’re forcing this laser beam into a 500 micron hole about 14 meters away, “ Leemans said. “The BELLA laser beam has sufficiently high pointing stability to allow us to use it.” Moreover, the laser pulse, which fires once a second, is stable to within a fraction of a percent, he added. “With a lot of lasers, this never could have happened.

In order to accelerate electrons to even higher energies—Leemans’ near-term goal is 10 giga-electron volts—the researchers will need to more precisely control the density of the plasma channel through which the laser light flows. In essence, the researchers need to create a tunnel for the light pulse that’s just the right shape to handle more-energetic electrons. According to Leemans, future work will demonstrate a new technique for plasma-channel shaping.

“Small changes in the setup give you big perturbations,” said Eric Esarey, senior science advisor for the Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division at Berkeley Lab, who leads the theory effort. “We’re homing in on the regions of operation and the best ways to control the accelerator.


About Computing Sciences at Berkeley Lab

High performance computing plays a critical role in scientific discovery. Researchers increasingly rely on advances in computer science, mathematics, computational science, data science, and large-scale computing and networking to increase our understanding of ourselves, our planet, and our universe. Berkeley Lab’s Computing Sciences Area researches, develops, and deploys new foundations, tools, and technologies to meet these needs and to advance research across a broad range of scientific disciplines.